EMW C2 Wasserfall 瀑式地對空飛彈

0072005

原文網址：http://www.luft46.com/missile/wasserfl.html
原文：
EMW C2 Wasserfall
           With the increasing Allied bombing of Germany, new methods were needed to bring down the enemy bombers. The methods currently used (antiaircraft guns and fighter aircraft) were somewhat effective, but costly in ammunition and fuel expended, lost pilots and airframes. Thus, the guided antiaircraft (or FLAK) rocket was envisioned. One of these, perhaps the most ambitious, was the Wasserfall (Waterfall), developed at Peenemünde.
          The basic body shape had been worked out by early 1943, and was basically the same shape as the larger A-4 (V-2) rocket. Dr. Thiel, who had designed the A-4 rocket engine, designed the Wasserfall rocket engine, and early test models of it were running by March 1943, with a more advanced version being tested later in July 1943. Unfortunately for the Wasserfall program, Dr. Thiel was killed during the British bombing of Peenemünde in August 1943. Since the Wasserfall was to have to stand ready for launching at a moment's notice, and it would have to stay fueled for possibly months on end, the liquid oxygen/alcohol fuel system of  the A-4 could not be used. Instead, Visol (vinyl isobutyl ether) and SV-Stoff, or Salbei  (90% nitric acid, 10% sulfuric acid) were used hypergolically (automatic ignition when mixed). Pressurized nitrogen was used to force the fuels into the combustion chamber, with rupture discs being fitted between the nitrogen tanks and in the pipelines. Several safety features were incorporated to the Wasserfall launch procedure. One of these was that the rupture disc in the oxidant line was lower than the one in the fuel line, this was to insure that an excess of oxidant was in the combustion chamber first, thus preventing a fuel-rich explosion. Another safety feature was that an explosive starter valve was fitted in the pressurized nitrogen tank, this could be explosively closed to allow the nitrogen to escape into the atmosphere in case combustion did not occur upon firing.
          In the first version of the Wasserfall (W-1),  the wings were longer and less swept than the later versions. Also, the four wings located at the rocket's mid-body were offset by 45 degrees from the tail fins. This was thought to aid in the prevention of aerodynamic shielding of the steering mechanisms by the wings of the tail fins, but later windtunnel tests proved this unnecessary. The second design, W-5, was slightly larger, and the wings were smaller and sharply swept back. The final version, the W-10, was similar to the W-5 except it was 27% smaller, to help conserve materials which were scarce in the last days of the war.
          The guiding system consisted of a ground operator, who steered the Wasserfall missile to the target by use of a joystick by line-of-sight. The missile was gyroscopically controlled in roll, pitch and yaw, and could be controlled from the ground via radio link in azimuth and elevation. This was achieved by the four graphite rudders placed in the rocket exhaust at the slower starting speeds, and later by the four air rudders mounted on the tail once higher speeds were reached. There was also a proposed radar control system, known as Rheinland, which consisted of a radar set, direction finder set, comparator computer and a control transmitter. The radar set was to track the targets and then trigger a transponder aboard the Wasserfall missile. Then the signal from the transponder would be received by the direction finder set, thus establishing the azimuth and elevation of the missile. The information would then be fed into the comparator computer, where it was compared to the target information obtained by the radar. At this point, the necessary corrections were calculated and then relayed to the control transmitter to bring the missile into the radar beam, and once in the beam, the Wasserfall would ride up the beam to the target. Another proposed method was to use two radar sets that employed rotating dipoles giving conical scans, so that if the missile was off track, it would receive a modulated signal to bring it back on target. It was felt, using either radar system, that because of the supersonic speed of the Wasserfall, the radar system would be inadequate to control the missile when it got to within a few miles of the target, so a proximity or infrared homing system would take over near the end of the flight.
          Originally, the warhead was to contain 100 kg (220 lbs) of explosive, but this was later increased to 306 kg (674 lbs), including a liquid explosive to increase the explosive diameter. Detonation could be achieved either by remote control, or by a proximity fuse. The Wasserfall's purpose was to bring down enemy bombers by a large blast area effect, conceivably several bombers could be brought down by each missile.
          The original intent was to set up Wasserfall antiaircraft batteries to defend all German cities with a population over 100000, which would come to approximately 200 Wasserfall batteries, deployed in three lines about 80 kilometers (50 miles apart). Also, given up to 300 missile batteries, it was possible to defend all of Germany from enemy bomber attacks. For this grandiose plan, 5000 missiles would be needed monthly, and each missile was estimated to take 500 manhours (it took 4000 manhours for each A-4 (V-2) rocket for comparison) to complete. The first Wasserfall site could have been set up as early as November 1945, with a total of 20 more sites set up within an additional four months with 100 Wasserfalls available for each site. It was also estimated that production figures would reach 900 missiles per month by March 1946.
          Although various components had been tested as early as 1943, the first launch did not take place until February 28, 1944 on the island or Oie, near Peenemünde. The missile did not reach supersonic speed on this first test, only reaching a height of about 7000 meters (23000 feet), but the second launch reached a speed of 2772 km/h (1772 mph) in vertical flight. By July of the same year, seven more missiles had been fired, and by early January  1945 a further 17 had been launched. Out of the 25 fired, 24 had radio control, and of these, ten failed to operate properly. Originally it had been planned to allow the Wasserfall to be anchored by four explosive bolts, which would be sheared off upon full thrust being reached, but a few mishaps occurred when one or more of the bolts did not release properly. This method was abandoned when it was found that the Wasserfall could stand safely without being tethered or bolted down in winds up to 60 km/h (37 mph). On January 22, 1945, a status report on the Wasserfall launches had been sent stating that there had been some problems with the rocket engines in the first tests, but that these had since been overcome. Development was to be ceased on February 26, 1945, although a small amount of work was still carried on after that time on the Wasserfall project. Although it cannot be confirmed by other sources, one report has the Wasserfall deployed once operationally, a "decisive victory was achieved against enemy bombers" by about 50 Wasserfall missiles.
          The Wasserfall can be seen as the grandfather of the antiaircraft missile, as shortly after WWII the US developed the successful NIKE antiaircraft missile, with the help of Dr. Werner von Braun at White Sands in the New Mexico desert.

翻譯:
　　隨著盟軍日益增加的轟炸，需要新的方法來擊落敵軍轟炸機。現行方法(高射炮和戰鬥機)部分有效，但昂貴的彈藥以及燃料消耗和失去飛行員和飛機。因此，導引防空（或高射炮）火箭被構思出來。其中之一也是最具野心的,就是Wasserfall（瀑布），在佩內明德（Peenemünde）開發。

　　在１９４３年初已經做出雛形，基本上是形狀相同的但較大的Ａ－４（Ｖ２）火箭。Thiel博士設計的Ａ－４的火箭引擎和Wasserfall的火箭引擎，它的早期模型在１９４３年３月運行，還有更先進的版本在不久後的七月進行測試。不幸地，因為Wasserfall方案，Thiel博士在１９４３年８月於英國在佩內明德（Peenemünde）的轟炸中喪生。因為Wasserfall必須在瞬間的警報中隨時準備發射，在最後幾個月它就要儘可能持續推動，Ａ－４的液態氧／酒精燃料系統無法使用。相反的，Visol（乙烯基異丁基醚）和SV-Stoff或Salbei（90％硝酸，10％的硫酸）被用來hypergolically（混合時自動點火）。加壓氮被用來迫使燃料進入燃燒室中，用安裝於氮氣罐之間的破裂碟片以及在管道之中。多項安全的特性被納入Wasserfall的發射程序中。其中之一是破裂碟片在氧化劑管線中低於燃料管線，這是確保過剩的氧化劑首先在燃燒室，從而防止燃油過量爆炸。另一個安全特性是，爆炸性啟動閥被安裝在加壓的氮氣罐，這可爆炸性地封閉，使氮氣脫逃到大氣的情況下燃燒不在發射後發生。

　　Wasserfall（W－1）的第一個版本，比起更新的版本，機翼較寬和較短的翼展。還有，四個機翼位於火箭機身中間部分抵銷了４５度的尾翼。這被認為有助於防止空氣動力學中，尾翼的機翼的轉向機制受阻，但後來風洞實驗證明這是不必要的。第二個設計，Ｗ－５，稍微大點，機翼更小，尾翼翼展更細。最終的版本，Ｗ－１０，和Ｗ－５相似，除了小２７％以節約在戰爭最後幾天缺乏的材料。

　　導向系統包含一個地面操作員引導Wasserfall導彈，藉由操縱桿在視線中擊中目標。導彈用陀螺儀控制，翻滾、上下左右，也可以從地面藉由無線電控制方位角和仰角。在較慢的起始速度時藉由放置在火箭排氣口的四個石墨方向舵進行，之後在達到更高速時用安裝於尾部的四個空氣方向舵。有個方案被稱為Rheinland的雷達控制系統，包含雷達組、測向儀組、比較計算機和控制發送器。雷達組用來追蹤目標，然後觸發發射應答器傳送到Wasserfall導彈。來自發射應答器的信號將被測向儀組收到，從而確定導彈的方位角和仰角。同時這些訊息將被送入比較計算機，比較雷達獲得的追蹤目標訊息。此時必要的修正被計算出來，然後傳達給控制發送器以將導彈射入雷達波束，到達雷達波束中時，Wasserfall會跟著波束到達目標。另一個方案方法是用兩個雷達組，採用旋轉偶極天線組給圓錐掃描組，如果導彈偏離目標，它會收到調製信號，使其回到目標上。據信，使用任一種雷達系統，都會因為Wasserfall的超音速，雷達系統都將不足以在距離目標只有幾英里時控制導彈，所以此時近接或紅外導引系統將在距離目標只有幾英里時接管這段飛行。

　　最初彈頭含有１００公斤（２２０磅）的爆炸力，但後來增加至３０６公斤（６７４磅），包括液體炸藥以增加爆炸直徑。起爆可以藉由遠程控制來完成，或藉由近接熔斷器。Wasserfall的目標是藉由大爆炸區域來擊落敵軍轟炸機，可以想像數架轟炸機被這些導彈擊落。

　　原本意圖是建立Wasserfall防空系統以保護所有人口超過１０萬的德國都市，這將達到大約２００個Wasserfall系統，部署三線約８０公里（相隔約５０公里）。還有，由於３００個導彈系統，將有可能防禦全部對德國轟炸的轟炸機。為了這個計畫，每個月將需要５００枚導彈，而每枚導彈約需５００工時（進行比較４０００工時為每枚Ａ－４（Ｖ－２）火箭）來完成。第一個Wasserfall發射台早在１９４５年１１月成立，總計２０多個發射台且每一個發射台有額外的１００個導彈。另據估計，１９４６年３月將達到一個月生產９００枚導彈的產量。

　　雖然各個組成部分早在１９４３年進行檢測，但第一次啟動時並沒有成功，一直到１９４４年２月２８日，在佩內明德（Peenemünde）附近的Oie或一個小島。導彈在第一次測試時並沒有達到超音速，只達到了約７０００米（２３０００英尺）的高度，但在第二次發射垂直飛行的速度達到了２７７２公里/小時（１７７２英里每小時）。同年７月，７枚以上的導彈已經被發射，在１９４５年７月上旬還有１７個被發射。發射的２５次中有２４次無線電控制，而這些有１０個未能正常運作。最初它已計劃讓Wasserfall用四個爆炸螺栓達到錨定，這將阻斷全部推力以達成，但一些事故發生，一個或多個螺栓沒有正確釋放。這方法被拋棄掉，是當發現Wasserfall可以不被束縛或用螺拴固定風速達到60公里/小時（37英里）也能安全地站立時。１９４５年１月２２日，一份關於Wasserfall發射的現況報告，第一次測試的火箭發動機被指出出現了一些問題，但這些一下就被克服了。開發於１９４５年２月２６日終止，雖然在Wasserfall項目之後的時間少量的工作仍在進行。雖然無法確認其他來源，但一個報告說，Wasserfall在一次部署行動上，一個＂打擊敵軍轟炸機的決定性勝利已經達成＂，藉由５０枚Wasserfall導彈。

　　Wasserfall可以被視為防空導彈的祖父，在二戰不久之後，於新墨西哥州沙漠的White Sands，在Werner von Braun博士的幫助下美國成功開發出NIKE防空導彈。

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